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George Chapman
George Chapman (c. 1559 – 12 May 1634) was an English dramatist, translator, and poet. He was a classical scholar whose work shows the influence of Stoicism. Chapman has been identified as the Rival Poet of Shakespeare's sonnets by William Minto, and as an anticipator of the Metaphysical Poets of the 17th century. Chapman is best remembered for his translations of Homer's ''Iliad'' and ''Odyssey,'' and the Homeric ''Batrachomyomachia.''
==Life and work==
Chapman was born at Hitchin in Hertfordshire. There is conjecture that he studied at Oxford but did not take a degree, though no reliable evidence affirms this. Very little is known about Chapman's early life, but Mark Eccles uncovered records that reveal much about Chapman's difficulties and expectations.〔Mark Eccles, "Chapman's Early Years", ''Studies in Philology'' 43.:2 (April 1946):176-93.〕 In 1585 Chapman was approached in a friendly fashion by John Wolfall, Sr., who offered to supply a bond of surety for a loan to furnish Chapman money "for his proper use in Attendance upon the then Right Honorable Sir Rafe Sadler Knight." Chapman's courtly ambitions led him into a trap. He apparently never received any money, but he would be plagued for many years by the papers he had signed. Wolfall had the poet arrested for debt in 1600, and when in 1608 Wolfall's son, having inherited his father's papers, sued yet again, Chapman's only resort was to petition the Court of Chancery for equity.〔For the text of Chapman's petition for relief, see A. R. Braunmuller, ''A Seventeenth Century Letter-Book: A Facsimile Edition of Folger MS. V. A. 321'' (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1983), 395.〕 As Sadler died in 1587, this gives Chapman little time to have trained under him. It seems more likely that he was in Sadler's household from 1577–83, as he dedicates all his Homerical translations to him.
Chapman spent the early 1590s abroad, seeing military action in the Low Countries. His earliest published works were the obscure philosophical poems ''The Shadow of Night'' (1594) and ''Ovid's Banquet of Sense'' (1595). The latter has been taken as a response to the erotic poems of the age, such as Philip Sidney's ''Astrophil and Stella'' and Shakespeare's ''Venus and Adonis''. Chapman's life was troubled by debt and his inability to find a patron whose fortunes did not decline: Robert Devereux, Second Earl of Essex and the Prince of Wales, Prince Henry both met their ends prematurely. The former was executed for treason by Elizabeth I in 1601, and the latter died of typhoid fever at the age of eighteen in 1612. Chapman's resultant poverty did not diminish his ability or his standing among his fellow Elizabethan poets and dramatists.
Chapman died in London, having lived his latter years in poverty and debt. He was buried at St Giles in the Fields. A monument to him designed by Inigo Jones marked his tomb, and stands today inside the church.
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